History+of+the+Web

​Steve Brian Beth Explore the history of the Internet and its emergence into education. When was it first used and why? How many users did it start with, how many are there now. What are some predictions of future uses for the Internet and the world wide web?

__**History of the Internet** __  ** 1960 ** The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the real founders of the Internet In 1962, the first commercial modem was fabricated - the Bell 103 by AT&T. The Bell 103 was likewise the first modem with full-duplex transmission, and featured data rates up to 300 bits per second Larry Roberts is sometimes called the "father of the ARPANET." He earned this nickname by directing the team of engineers that created the ARPANET, which was the foundation of our modern High Speed Internet. ** 1971 ** Packet switching is a network communications process that separates data traffic (digital representations of text, sound, or video data) into clumps, called packets, which are then routed across a shared network. Ray Tomlinson has been referred to as the father of e-mail because, back in 1971, he invented the software that permitted messages to be transmitted between computers. Ray made it feasible to trade messages between machines in various locations; between universities, across continents, and oceans. Robert Kahn, along with Vinton Cerf, are the co-designers of the TCP/IP Internet network protocol. Together, Kahn and Cerf wrote their now-famous paper, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication." The two produced what became the interlanguage of the Net -- **TCP/IP ** -- which has been used to send information over the Internet ever since. Domain names are the common and easy-to-remember names for Internet websites (e.g., "www.ecommerce.gov"). They represent specific Internet Protocol (IP) numbers (e.g., 98.37.241.30) that function as routing addresses on the Internet. The domain name system (DNS) translates Internet names into the IP numbers required for transmission of information across the network A graduate of Oxford University, England, in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing while at CERN , the European Particle Physics Laboratory. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of **URIs**, **HTTP** and **HTML** were refined as Web technology spread.  **1994** Jim Clark and Mark Andreessen founded Mosaic Communications in 1994. Andreessen had been the leader of a software project at the University of Illinois called Mosaic, the first graphical web browser <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Netscape was the largest browser firm in the world very quickly and dominated the market. Software releases seemed to come out monthly if not faster and it was these Netscape offerings that lead to the term “Internet time”. By 1995 Netscape had an 80% market share. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">eBay was founded in Pierre Omidyar's San Jose living room back in September 1995. It was from the start meant to be a marketplace for the sale of goods and services for individuals. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Apple’s surprise delivery of the Safari web browser for Windows at WWDC was described by several writers as a revival of the browser wars between Netscape and Microsoft between 1995 and 2003. Why would Apple want to start another conflict after the brutal annihilation of Netscape? Further, why was the tech world launched into a web war in the first place, what lessons were learned, and how was it that Netscape--which once held 80% of the browser market--was defeated by Microsoft?
 * 1962 **
 * Packet Switching**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">First Email Message **
 * 1972 ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">
 * 1982 **
 * Domain Name System **
 * 1989 ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Web Browser is Born **
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">1995 **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Windows 95 vs Mac 95 and the Browser Wars **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jim and Mark changed the name of Mosaic Communications to Netscape Communications and their web browser was soon released to a frantically growing market. Larry and Sergey decide that the BackRub search engin needs a new name. They go with Google- a play on the word "googol", a mathematical term for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">1997 **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

**1999** Wireless technology called 802.11b, **more commonly referred to as Wi-Fi**, is standardized. Over the years that follow, this technology begins appearing as a built-in feature of portable computers and many handheld devices. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: center;">**2000**

<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica','sans-serif';">304 million people have internet access More than 25 million websites Over 10 million domain names registered



<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facebook was founded by former-Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg was joined by two other fellow Harvard-students – Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes – to help him grow the site to the next level. Zuckerberg and Moskovitz dropped out of Harvard to pursue their dreams and run Facebook full time. In August 2005, thefacebook was officially called Facebook and the domain facebook.com was purchased for a reported $200,000 Over 10 million domain names registered 2006 ** <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Since its creation in 2006 by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Jack Dorsey <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">, Twitter has gained notability and popularity worldwide. It is sometimes described as "SMS of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Internet <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">"The use of Twitter's <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">application programming interface <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">for sending and receiving <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">text messages <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> by other applications often eclipses direct use of Twitter. YouTube <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">was founded by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Chad Hurley <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Steve Chen <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Jawed Karim <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">, who were all early employees of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">PayPal <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">. Prior to PayPal, Hurley studied design at <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Indiana University of Pennsylvania <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">. Chen and Karim studied <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">computer science <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"> together at the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">. The domain name "YouTube.com" was activated on February 15, 2005, <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and the website was developed over the subsequent month s
 * 2004[[image:130million.png width="315" height="263"]] **

This is the internet media type="youtube" key="AgqEIp2YmtE" height="344" width="425"

<span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">

__**The Internet Today**__ A current trend is the growth of high speed connections. 56K modems and the providers who supported them spread widely for awhile, but this is the low end now. 56K is not fast enough to carry multimedia, such as sound and video except in low quality. But modern technologies many times faster, such as calemodems and digital subscriber lines (DSL) are predominant now.

Wireless has grown rapidly in the past few years, and travelers search for the wi-fi "hot spots" where they can connect while they are away from the home or office. Many airports, coffee bars, hotels and motels now routinely provide these services, some for a fee and some for free.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">A next big growth area is the surge towards universal wireless access, where almost everywhere is a "hot spot". Municipal wi-fi or city-wide access, wiMAX offering broader ranges than wi-fi, EV-DO, 3g, and other formats will joust for dominance in the USA in the years ahead. The battle is both economic and political. <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"> Another trend that is rapidly affecting web designers is the growth of smaller devices to connect to the Internet. Small tablets, pocket PCs, smart phones, ebooks, game machines, and even GPS devices are now capable of tapping into the web on the go, and many web pages are not designed to work on that scale.

As the Internet has become faster and increasingly accessible to low income communities, social networking and collaborative services have grown rapidly, enabling people to communicate and share interests in many more ways. Sites like Facebook, Twitter, Linked-In, YouTube, Flickr, Second Life, delicious, blogs, wikis, and many more let people of all ages rapidly share their interests of the moment with others everywhere.

**__A Darker Side of the Modern Internet__** As indispensable as it is in today’s society, however, the Internet is also a reflection of society, good and bad. The easy access to information that makes the Web so special is also at the root of parental and community concerns about children’s exposure to inappropriate materials and experiences.

The Internet has become an increasingly important feature of the learning environment for teenagers. Teens use the Internet as an essential study aid outside the classroom and the Internet increasingly has a place inside the classroom. Teens and parents report that the Internet is vital to completing school projects and has effectively replaced the library for a large number of online youth. Over 70% of students say that using the Internet is their primary source for their major projects, and they also access online study aids like Sparknotes or CliffNotes. Beyond legitimate assistance with studies via websites, or email or Instant message communication with teachers, students also take advantage of the Internet to cheat, with 18% of students reporting knowing someone who used the Internet to do so.
 * __The Internet in the Classroom__**

**__United States Internet Users in 2009__** 227,719,000 users - 74.1% of the population

1,733,993,741 users - 25.6% of the population
 * __World Wide Internet Users in 2009__**

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; text-align: center;">__** Future of the Internet **__

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 143%; text-align: center;">"If you really want to know what will happen with the Internet, ask a 13-year-old," Vinton Cerf, the vice president of Google. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Although we cannot accurately predict the future of the internet many discussions around this topic focus on safety and access to information.Some believe there will not be various usernames and login codes to hundreds of webpages, instead there will only be one login code for each person. This would be similar to having a social security number. This one login could make it possible for the applications to “know us” and show us only the information we need. If this were the case we would need the internet to be secure to protect our information.

media type="custom" key="5446623" Another issue that could happen in our future is the ability to access the information we want or need. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">When we log onto the Internet, we take a lot for granted. We assume we'll be able to access any Web site we want, whenever we want, at the fastest speed, whether it's a corporate or mom-and-pop site. We assume that we can use any service we like -- watching online video, listening to podcasts, sending instant messages -- anytime we choose. Some companies are trying to take this away. media type="custom" key="5449203"